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To facilitate the use of wheat wild relatives in conventional breedingprograms, a wheat pre-breeding activity started at ICARDA in 1994/1995season. Preliminary results of gene introgression from wild diploidprogenitors, Triticum urartu, T. baeoticum, Aegilops speltoides andAe. tauschii and tetraploid T. dicoccoides are described. Crosseswith wild diploid Triticum spp. yielded high variation in plant...
Senescence can influence: (1) leaf area duration, (2) area of transpiringtissue and (3) translocation of nutrients – mainly nitrogen to grain.Therefore, selection for optimum senescence pattern might be efficient forimproving performance of wheat in a given environment. This study wasconducted to investigate the feasibility of a seedling test for estimatinggenotypic differences in senescence rate...
Worldwide wheat yields have been only slightly, and non-significantly,increasing during the 90's, suggesting that they may be levelling off.Considering that there is consensus that large new growing areas will be notintroduced and management improvements will be increasingly harder toobtain, genetic improvement would play a more important role to keeprising wheat yields in the future than in the past...
The material in genebanks includes valuable traditional varieties andlandraces, non-domesticated species, advanced and obsolete cultivars,breeding lines and genetic stock. It is the wide variety of potentially usefulgenetic diversity that makes collections valuable. While most of the yieldincreases to date have resulted from manipulation of a few major traits(such as height, photoperiodism, and vernalization),...
The hexaploid wheat genome is too complex for direct map-basedcloning and model genomes have to be used to isolate genes from wheat.Comparative genomic analysis at the genetic map level has shown extensiveconservation of the gene order between the different grass genomes inmany chromosomal regions. However, little is known about the geneorganization in grass genomes at the microlevel. We have investigated...
Plant breeders are always interested in new genetic resources. In thepast, the sources have been limited to existing germplasm. Geneticengineering now provides the opportunity for almost unlimited strategies tocreate novel resources. As a first stage, the Applied Biotechnology Center(ABC) at CIMMYT developed a method for the mass production of fertiletransgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that yields...
Three populations of 41 to 74 homozygous recombinant substitutionlines (RSLs) were used for RFLP mapping and quantitative trait analysis ofthe following parameters: total proteins (%prot), SDS-sedimentationvolume (SDSsed), bread mixing time (Bmxt) and loaf volume (Blvol). TheRSLs were developed from crosses between disomic substitution linesinvolving chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D of the high-quality...
Despite its good functional properties, the varietyBánkúti 1201 has been found to possess 2 + 12 or 3 + 12 allelecomposition on chromosome 1D. In order to determine the reason for itsquality traits a gene-specific PCR technique was applied in preliminaryexperiments to examine the HMW glutenin allele composition of thevariety. In the course of the analysis a fragment characteristic ofBánkúti 1201 was...
The physiological and genetic basis of yield improvement in wheat isonly partially understood. Nonetheless, a significant increase in yield andbiomass has been observed in several backgrounds when alien chromatinassociated with Lr19 was introgressed from Agropyronelongatum. Theoretically, higher yield and biomass may be achievedthrough (i) greater interception of incident radiation, (ii) increasedradiation...
Variability in grain color of hard white wheat was investigated incultivars grown over two years in Nebraska and Kansas and related tovariation observed in grain hardness, kernel weight, kernel size, and proteincontent and to color of ground meal and flour. Grain color was scoredsubjectively, through visual evaluation, and objectively through use of acolorimeter. Of the 543 hard white wheat samples...
We developed some wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines,Yw642, Yw443 and Yw243, etc., showing good BYDV resistance from L1by induced homoeologous pairing using CS ph mutant. Characterization ofthese wheat lines was carried out by GISH and RFLP analysis. The resultsof GISH showed that the lines, YWw42, Yw443 and Yw243, etc., arehomozygous wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines, in which thechromosome...
Globally speaking, the world would require one billion metric tons ofwheat in the year 2020 as compared to the current production of 600million metric tons. These figures, when translated into productivityparameters, mean that the current wheat global average yield of 2.5 t/ha.must shift to roughly 4 t/ha, in the 2020. Can this be achieved?Optimistically speaking, this projection can be met provided...
To understand the genetic and biochemical basis of the bread makingquality of wheat varieties, a large experiment was carried out with a set of162 hexaploid bread wheat varieties registered in the French or EuropeanWheat Catalogue. This material was used to analyse their allelic compositionat the twelve main storage protein loci. A large genetic and biochemicaldiversity of the gluten proteins was...
The present work presents the application of new markers based on thePCR technology to amplify the complete coding sequence of the specificalleles of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin genes. A set ofAS-PCR molecular markers of the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 genes wasdesigned, making use of the minor differences between the sequences of thex1, xNull and x2 of Glu-A1, x2, x5, y10 and y12 of Glu-D1. These...
Wheat varieties differ in their responses to low temperatures. Geneticstudies on frost resistance in wheat are difficult because the effects arequantitative in nature and thus require precise genetic material andreproducible experimental conditions. The detailed diallel analyses indicatedthat the inheritance of frost resistance is polygenic and mostly additive.Nevertheless, studies using monosomic,...
Breeders attempt to conduct selection under environmental conditionsrepresentative of the target environment. In the U.S. southern Great Plains,more than 50% of the wheat area may be used for the dual purpose ofproducing forage for cattle grazing and harvesting grain, but breeding ofcultivars likely occurred in an environment managed for grain production.We tested the hypothesis that genetic improvements...
Although individual grain weight is an important source of variation forgrain yield, there is still poor understanding of the causes determining finalgrain weight. Almost all studies conducted for understanding thedeterminants of grain weight have been focused on the post-anthesis period.However, there is important evidence that pre-anthesis conditions couldalso modify final grain weight. Three experiments...
Genotypic variation of 64 durum lines, landraces, and varieties wereinvestigated using three sources of microsatellites (SSRs). 245 primer pairswere used to detect polymorphism in this collection. A total of 42polymorphic SSR primer pairs consisting of 22 EST-SSR, 11 XGWM and9 WMC were used for genotyping. The EST-SSRs primers produced highquality markers, but were least polymorphic (25%) compared...
Starch biosynthesis in plants involves the concerted action of a numberof enzymes, including ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthases,branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. We report on the cloningand characterisation of genes encoding these enzymes from wheat and ontheir chromosomal locations. The prospects for manipulating wheat starchstructure and functionality using these genes is discussed.
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